Ties on LDL surface can be a major driving force for particle aggregation and fusion (18, 33, 39, 41, 52, 110, 111). The robust effects of solvent ionic situations (pH, monovalent and divalent cations) indicate that electrostatic interactions are also critically involved (29). Electrostatic effects in all probability also contribute to various crucial processes in vivo, such as LDL fusion and coalescence into lipid droplets at acidic pH in deep atherosclerotic lesions or through lysosomal degradation (117, 118, 122, 135) or towards the effects of coronary artery calcium as a risk aspect for atherosclerosis (136). Electrostatic effects in LDL aggregation, fusion, and lipid droplet formation also underlie laboratory approaches for example LDL precipitation by magnesium salt, which can be a helpful tool to assess the patients’ risk of atherosclerosis (117, 118, 122, 135).OutlookVarious chemical and structural changes inside the protein and lipid moieties promote LDL aggregation, fusion, and lipid droplet formation. It remains unclear which of these adjustments or their combinations are particularly important during atherogenesis. Once these changesBiomol Concepts. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2014 October 01.Lu and GurskyPagehave been identified, they might provide viable therapeutic targets to hamper and even block this pathogenic procedure ahead of it happens and thereby complement the existing LDLlowering drugs for example statins.NIHPA Author Manuscript NIHPA Author Manuscript NIHPA Author ManuscriptAcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to Dr. Shobini Jayaraman for her help and extremely helpful discussions at the same time as for sharing her unpublished information cited in this evaluation. We thank our colleagues in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at Boston University School of Medicine, especially Drs. Haya Herscovitz, Yuhang Liu, and David Atkinson as well as Donald L. Gantz and Cheryl England for support with our LDL research. This perform was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants GM067260 and HL026355 and by institutional funds.AbbreviationsLDL LDLR apo HDL VLDL Computer SMase PLA2 FFA PLC SEC Gdn HCl PEG EM CD NMR Web page lowdensity lipoproteins lowdensity lipoprotein receptor apolipoprotein highdensity lipoproteins very lowdensity lipoproteins phosphatidyl choline sphingomyelinase phospholipase A2 totally free fatty acids phospholipase C sizeexclusion chromatography guanidinum hydrochloride polyethylene glycol electron microscopy circular dichroism nuclear magnetic resonance polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Analysis ARTICLETranscriptional Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus Throughout Growth in 2 M NaCl Results in Clarification of Physiological Roles for Kdp and Ktr K Uptake SystemsAlexa PriceWhelan,a Chun Kit Poon,a Meredith A.RuPhos Pd G3 structure Benson,b Tess T.4-Acetylbenzaldehyde In stock Eidem,c Christelle M.PMID:24293312 Roux,c Jeffrey M. Boyd,d Paul M. Dunman,c Victor J. Torres,b Terry A. KrulwichaDepartment of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn College of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USAa; Division of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USAb; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USAc; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USAdABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus exhibits an unusually higher degree of osmotolerance and Na tolerance, properties that supportsurvival in many host niches and in preserved foods. The genetic basis of those traits will not be well understood.
