Pital. Arrow n?: Initially randomized trial involving hydroxychloroquine [12] and alerts from pharmacovigilance centres (HCQ ?AZT, lopinavir-ritonavir). Arrow n?: 1st randomized trial of dexamethasone [13]. Arrow n?: randomized trial on azithromycin [14]. Clinical trials: HYCOVID (NCT04325893, n = 1) [3] and FORCE (NCT04371367, n = 21) [4] evaluating hydroxychloroquine and avdoralimab, respectively. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283165.gPatients with comorbidities were extra likely to acquire a ST (excluding anticoagulation) against COVID-19 (S1 Table): BMI was significantly higher (28.0 vs 26.7, P-value = 0.015), high blood stress was drastically more frequent (46 vs 37 , P-value = 0.031), and diabetes tended to be far more frequent (37 vs 29 , P-value = 0.050) within the ST+ group than within the STgroup. Non-specific therapies were prescribed to many sufferers: 440 patients (72 ) received antipyretics (including paracetamol); 33 (five ) patients received non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and ketoprofen; 250 patients (41 ) received oral antidiabetic therapy or insulin therapy; 360 sufferers (59 ) received anti-hypertensive therapy; and 413 individuals (68 ) received either antidiabetic or anti-hypertensive therapy. The all round average length of hospital stay was 13.3 days. A total of 134 inpatients (22 ) have been admitted towards the ICU, as well as the overall mortality rate was 15 (Table 1). The proportion of individuals admitted to the ICU as well as the mortality price have been related for the duration of W1 and W2 (Table 1). The length of hospital remain was longer inside the ST+ group than in the ST- group (16.eight vs 7.9 days, P-value0.001). Lastly, the proportion of patients admitted for the ICU was larger within the ST+ group than within the ST- group (32 vs 6 , P-value 0.001) (S1 Table).DiscussionHydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and lopinavir-ritonavir have been one of the most applied repurposed drugs in different centres around the globe for therapy of COVID-19 patients in 2020 [15].1203681-52-0 Data Sheet PLOS One particular | doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283165 March 17,4/PLOS ONEManagement of COVID-19 drug therapies in the course of the initial two epidemic wavesTable 1. Characteristics and outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and certain therapies administered through the initial (V1) and second (V2) epidemic waves. Worldwide Variety of sufferers hospitalized for COVID-19 Patients’ traits (n = 607) sex ratio (M/F) imply age ?SD (years) mean BMI ?SD (kg/m2) (n = 529) mean modified Charlson index ?SD obesity ( ) (n = 531) diabetes ( ) high blood pressure ( ) Patients’ outcome (n = 607) ICU admission ( ) typical length of keep ?SD (days) mortality price ( ) mean age at death ?SD (years) (n = 92) Distinct anti-COVID-19 therapies (ST) (n = 607) No less than 1 ST (including anticoagulant) No less than 1 ST (exclusion of anticoagulant) anticoagulants ( ) azithromycin ( ) corticosteroids ( ) others ( ): lopinavir/ritonavir hydroxychloroquine remdesivir tocilizimab anakinra convalescent plasma therapy clinical trials SD, regular deviation; BMI, body mass indexFirst epidemic wave (W1) 607 1.3-Hydroxy-1-methylazetidine web 7 197 1.PMID:25027343 9 64.2 ?16.2 27.2 ?five.two 1.three ?two.3 49 (30 ) 67 (34 ) 82 (42 ) 48 (24 ) 13.eight ?15.5 31 (16 ) 71.2 ?15.two 182 (92 ) 154 (78 ) 174 (88 ) 140 (71 ) 34 (17 ) 23 (12 ) 17 7 0 two 1 0Second epidemic wave (W2) 410 1.6 65.1 ?16.two 28.5 ?15.six 1.three ?2.two 99 (27 ) 136 (33 ) 177 (43 ) 86 (21 ) 13.1 ?16.2 61 (15 ) 71.7 ?16.8 379 (92 ) 218 (53 ) 373 (91 ) 43 (10 ) 201 (49 ) 23 (6 ) 0 0 0 0 1 1W1 vs W2 (P-value)0.417 0.507 0.342 0.751 0.515 0.910 0.785 0.four.