Biol. Chem. 280, 1512?520. [14] Wiener, R., Zhang, X., Wang, T. and Wolberger, C. (2012) The mechanism of OTUB1-mediated inhibition of ubiquitination. Nature 483, 618?22. [15] Zheng, N., Schulman, B.A., Song, L., Miller, J.J., Jeffrey, P.D., Wang, P. et al. (2002) Structure on the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Nature 416, 703?09. [16] Kamadurai, H.B., Souphron, J., Scott, D.C., Duda, D.M., Miller, D.J., Stringer, D. et al. (2009) Insights into ubiquitin transfer cascades from a structure of a UbcH5B around ubiquitin-HECT(NEDD4L) complex. Mol. Cell 36, 1095?102. [17] Maspero, E., Valentini, E., Mari, S., Cecatiello, V., Soffientini, P., Pasqualato, S. et al. (2013) Structure of a ubiquitin-loaded HECT ligase reveals the molecular basis for catalytic priming. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 20, 696?01. [18] Olsen, S.K. and Lima, C.D. (2013) Structure of a ubiquitin E1-E2 complex: insights to E1-E2 thioester transfer. Mol. Cell 49, 884?96. [19] Hejjaoui, M., Haj-Yahya, M., Kumar, K.S., Brik, A. and Lashuel, H.A. (2011) Towards elucidation of your part of ubiquitination in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease with semisynthetic ubiquitinated alpha-synuclein. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50, 405?09. [20] McGinty, R.K., Kim, J., Chatterjee, C., Roeder, R.G. and Muir, T.W. (2008) Chemically ubiquitylated histone H2B stimulates hDot1L-mediated intranucleosomal methylation.4-Chloropyridazin-3-ol Data Sheet Nature 453, 812?16. [21] Spasser, L. and Brik, A. (2012) Chemistry and biology on the ubiquitin signal. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51, 6840?862. [22] Virdee, S., Ye, Y., Nguyen, D.P., Komander, D. and Chin, J.W. (2010) Engineered diubiquitin synthesis reveals Lys29-isopeptide specificity of an OTU deubiquitinase. Nat. Chem. Biol. 6, 750?57. [23] Virdee, S., Kapadnis, P.B., Elliott, T., Lang, K., Madrzak, J., Nguyen, D.P. et al. (2011) Traceless and site-specific ubiquitination of recombinant proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 10708?0711. [24] Keren-Kaplan, T., Attali, I., Motamedchaboki, K., Davis, B.A., Tanner, N., Reshef, Y. et al. (2012) Synthetic biology strategy to reconstituting the ubiquitylation cascade in bacteria. EMBO J. 31, 378?90. [25] Nicastro, G., Menon, R.P., Masino, L., Knowles, P.P., McDonald, N.Q. and Pastore, A. (2005) The answer structure on the Josephin domain of ataxin-3: structural determinants for molecular recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10493?10498. [26] Weeks, S.D., Grasty, K.C., Hernandez-Cuebas, L. and Loll, P.J. (2011) Crystal structure of a Josephin-ubiquitin complicated: evolutionary restraints on ataxin-3 deubiquitinating activity.1810068-31-5 manufacturer J. Biol. Chem. 286, 4555?565. [27] Todi, S.V., Winborn, B.J., Scaglione, K.PMID:24367939 M., Blount, J.R., Travis, S.M. and Paulson, H.L. (2009) Ubiquitination directly enhances activity on the deubiquitinating enzyme ataxin-3. EMBO J. 28, 372?82. [28] Todi, S.V., Scaglione, K.M., Blount, J.R., Basrur, V., Conlon, K.P., Pastore, A. et al. (2010) Activity and cellular functions on the deubiquitinating enzyme and polyglutamine disease protein ataxin-3 are regulated by ubiquitination at lysine 117. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 39303?9313. [29] Nicastro, G., Masino, L., Frenkiel, T.A., Kelly, G., McCormick, J., Menon, R.P. et al. (2004) Assignment on the 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances in the Josephin domain of human ataxin-3. J. Biomol. NMR 30, 457?58. [30] Masino, L., Nicastro, G., Menon, R.P., Dal Piaz, F., Calder, L. and Pastore, A. (2004) Characterization in the structure and the amyloidogenic properties.